How to Write a Presentation and Rock When You Speak

At a glance it may seem that preparing a presentation is more or less similar to writing an essay: there are the same basic parts, the same attention paid to the logical progression of ideas and smooth transition between them. However, there is one huge difference – a presentation is meant to be uttered aloud, not read by the eye, which leads to difference in structure, language and many other aspects. This guide will help you find your way around both preparing the written part of your presentation and readying yourself to deliver it in front of an audience in a manner you need. Presentation Structure Similarly to many other types of writing, your typical presentation consists of three parts: Introduction; Body; Conclusion. Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMGJJFnnbFk They are, however, usually not supposed to be written in the same order – in absolute majority of cases it is advisable to start with the body, follow up with the conclusion and write the introduction after everything else is ready. You may, of course, start with an introduction, but chances are, you will have to rewrite it after you’ve dealt with the rest of the presentation. Preparations and Planning â€Å"If you fail to plan, you plan to fail† – however clichà ©d this phrase may sound, it is still true. If you don’t write a plan for an essay, the worst that can happen is that you will have to rewrite it. Failing in front of audience, like in case of presentation, is much less pleasant. Source: http://www.devenshah.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Preparing-Your-Presentation.png First of all, you should decide what you are going to talk about: what is the main goal of your presentation, which points you will cover and which details you will use to support your point of view. In presentations, like in communication in general, it is a good rule of a thumb to stick to threes. There are many reasons to do so: Three possesses a strong symbolic and cultural meaning. An argument supported by three points looks carefully arranged and symmetric, which is not the least important thing to think about; There is a neurological reason why this number is used so often – human brain finds it relatively easy to grasp three points in a short period of time. Two is too few to form any opinion, and with four and more points a part of your audience will get progressively more and more confused; Because of it all, three points are easier to remember, which means that you may be more sure that your audience is going to take something out of your presentation with them. Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zFK1RJqMO8 The most common way of organizing the body of presentation is, broadly speaking, dividing it into three segments to answer three consecutive questions: â€Å"What?† Here you introduce your main idea; â€Å"Why?† Think about the first, most obvious question that should appear after the audience hears about â€Å"what?† and try to answer it, for example, â€Å"Why is it so important?† Thus your presentation is going to flow logically along the same lines as the thought process of those who listen to it; â€Å"How?† The next natural question that arises should be something along the lines of â€Å"How is this to be achieved?†, and again, your presentation should anticipate it. It should be noted, however, that these questions and their succession are purely approximate and exemplary – it is not a rule set in stone that isn’t to be broken. If you have an idea with three supporting facts that are of equal importance, feel free to use them – just make sure to organize it all logically. And again, make use of the rule of threes – try to back up each of your main points with three supporting ideas. Writing the Body Now that you’ve decided what you are going to talk about, it is time to actually write it down. Following the plan you’ve laid out, cover each point, using the necessary proofs, such as facts and statistics, when appropriate. Source: http://www.andyeklund.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/6a00e55079f2668833017ee40f1e88970d-320wi.png If you are using visual aids, such as PowerPoint slides, prepare them at this point and make sure they don’t contradict what you say and follow each other in the same order as you cover the points. Probably the most important issue for you to cope with is logical transition between parts of presentation. You can, of course, simply say â€Å"Now I am moving on to the next point†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , but it sounds awkward and a bit helpless. If you really want to make a positive impression, you should take care to prepare transitions between logical parts of the presentation beforehand and make sure to memorize them. If you forget some aspects you want to cover, you can always consult your notes and visual aids; if you forget how the parts of the presentation are connected, you may get into trouble. Editing the Body Don’t expect to get everything right the first time around. After you’ve completed writing the body paragraphs, it is time for editing them – which is, by the way, a good reason not to be perfectionistic when you write them. You can always edit them later – at first you simply have to put your thoughts and ideas into writing. Source: http://pad3.whstatic.com/images/thumb/a/a9/Prepare-a-Professional-Presentation-Step-1-Version-3.jpg/670px-Prepare-a-Professional-Presentation-Step-1-Version-3.jpg Ideally, you should leave your presentation alone for a little while before attempting editing – at least for a day, but feel free to take as long a break as your deadline allows you. This way you will be able to see what you’ve written without prejudice, and numerous small and large mistakes and inconsistencies will suddenly become obvious. But what exactly do you need to do while editing? Check you language and choice of words for consistency and appropriateness. Can you be sure that the entirety of your audience is familiar with the terminology you use? Does the language correspond to the occasion? Do you use any out-of-place or slang words? Is your presentation easily understood? Remember, you are going to deliver it aloud, and the listeners won’t have anything to assist them in understanding you but visual aids (which are optional). You are not doing a presentation to impress somebody but to impart information. Thus, if you find yourself using long and obscure words that can be easily misheard, try to replace them with shorter and simpler synonyms. Check for run-on sentences. Again, your audience will listen to you, not read what you have written, so make sentences short and simple to avoid confusion and boredom. Make sure you use visual aids to a limit. Many presenters treat them as a necessary evil and accompaniment to their delivery, losing an opportunity to use an additional powerful instrument to influence the audience. Think about additional visual imagery you can use to grasp the audience’s attention at key points and how you can introduce it in your presentation. Pay special attention to checking all your visual aids and printed materials for grammar and spelling mistakes. Nothing kills the seriousness of the moment like a conspicuous misspelling on a particularly important slide. Practice the delivery, preferably in front of an audience. Ask a friend to sit through your presentation and request objective criticism. Writing a Conclusion There are no hard rules as to how one is supposed to conclude one’s presentation; there are many ways to finish it, yet none of them are surefire. There are, however, some guidelines following which is usually a good idea: Make sure you provide the audience with concise yet exhaustive summary of what you’ve said. It will consolidate the impression you’ve made and remind them of points they might have forgotten or missed; Make it obvious that you’ve come to the end of your presentation – don’t let it end abruptly. The audience should be aware of the fact that you are making some final statements so that even those who got distracted halfway through start paying attention once again and at least grasp the gist of what you say; Don’t forget to thank the audience for their time and encourage discussion. Ask if they have any questions; if they don’t, take an active stance: ask some leading questions or raise some issues for discussion (make sure you’ve prepared them in advance to be ready to this eventuality). Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RHX-xnP_G5s Writing an Introduction Introduction is the most important part of any piece of writing; but its importance increases tenfold when you talk to a live audience. If you fail to grasp its attention from the get-go, you may just as well pack and go home – no matter how fascinating the rest of the presentation is, it is very unlikely that you will be able to recapture the listeners’ attention. Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NXqUWHgBrCE Read what you’ve already written and try to think how you can lead the audience into the topic. There are multiple methods of doing so: A bit of humor. A joke is an excellent way to get closer to the audience, get their brains moving and give them hope you are not going to bore them to death. You should, however, make sure that it is, firstly, relevant to the topic, secondly, actually funny. Engaging with the audience. This method is used to stir the audience up from the very beginning, make them take active participation instead of passively expecting what you have to say. Ask them some questions, give them a short exercise, encourage them to share their opinion on something. However, there is a downside – it may rile them up so much that it will be difficult to concentrate on listening later on. If you doubt your ability to control the audience, don’t resort to it. State some interesting/fascinating/shocking fact or statistic. It is especially effective when what you report isn’t widely known. Tell a story. Humans are hardwired to pay attention to stories, so make use of it. Just make sure that the story is short, interesting and relevant to the topic. If someone has already said something gripping on your topic, why not use it? A powerful quote, especially if it isn’t too hackneyed and overly dramatic for the purpose at hand, is a good way to attract the audience’s attention. An example. You may either describe a situation illustrating the central issue of your presentation or use some visual aids to make the example more impressive. These are just some of the possible introductions; when all is said and done, you are only limited by your own ingenuity. Use whatever you feel is going to work best in the current situation. Some General Remarks A presentation is very different from most other written works – first of all, it is not so much a text as a unity of written text, visual aids, body language, interaction with the audience and your own intonation. When writing it, you should take into account how the text proper corresponds with all the other elements. Source: https://www.kent.ac.uk/careers/pics/Presentation-skills.jpg Here are some additional tips that may help you: 10-20-30 rule. It is a useful rule of a thumb by Guy Kawasaki from Apple. According to it, your slideshow should contain no more than 10 slides, last no longer than 20 minutes and use font size no less than 30 point. Following it will greatly limit the amount of information you may cram both into the entire presentation and into each particular slide, forcing you to trim the fat and leave only what is really important. If anybody is interested in additional information, you may create a handout and distribute it after the presentation. Time the entire thing. Don’t guesstimate how long each slide and the presentation in general are going to take, use a timer. Adjust the text accordingly if necessary. Check the pronunciation. If you use obscure, foreign or just plain difficult words, at least make sure you know how to pronounce them before you start. Prepare the tone of voice and body language in advance. If you don’t trust yourself to spontaneously use the right gestures and intonations, mark where to do so beforehand. A presentation may look like an intimidating task at first, but it is all a matter of planning and deliberation. Break it up into parts, deal with each one separately – and nothing can be easier.

Iranian Revolution Essay - 1635 Words

Iranian Revolution Introduction Iran has always, it seems, been the breeding ground for some kind of political upheaval or another. In recent times, back in 1979, there was a major revolution which was, in some ways, similar to the revolution we are seeing today. The people were angry and they were tired of being controlled by the government that was in power. They had concrete ideals and were incredibly passionate about their revolution. The revolution Iran is experiencing today does not appear to be quite as passionate and does not appear to maintain a belief in any real solid political system. They just know they want something different. In the following paper we present an illustration of the current revolution that is taking†¦show more content†¦This was one reverse too far, for Irans young â€Å"cherish a packet of grievances, ranging from the acute shortage of jobs to the social restrictions that ban most boy- and-girl outings. Restrictive though it is, the system allows discussion of these compla ints, and many niggling rules have been quietly eased since Mr. Khatami took over† (Anonymous Irans second revolution? 13). It was, however, after the police and their allies, the Islamist bully-boy militia, raided the dormitories in Tehran University, where they killed at least one student and probably more, that the shout for change began to penetrate â€Å"out-of-bounds areas. The students started to call for fundamental reforms, questioning the legitimacy of clerical control† (Anonymous Irans second revolution? 13). They even went so far as to challenge the sacrosanct heart of Irans Islamist edifice, the ultimate authority of the â€Å"supreme leader.† Clearly the young Islamists are unhappy with the current state of affairs and their apparent lack of freedom of the citizens of Iran. But, at the same time it is also believed that they are very eager to become a more active participant in Western society. They long for the media and the influence that is felt here in the United States. Ebtekar, the highest ranking woman to serve in the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, in an interview with Gradels, illustrates this in the following: â€Å"The doors of the world today are wide open, whether we like it orShow MoreRelatedThe Iranian Revolution 732 Words   |  3 Pagesdetermine whether a revolution is successful or not. This is not the case for Iran. Since the revolution, Iran has been economically, politically, and socially unstable. With an economy dependent on oil, a natural source whose production is unpredictable, stability is simply unattainable. With the same leader for a long period of time, not much can change politically. Oppositions and revolts can happen and disrupt the social lives of Iranian citizens. Although the Iranian Revolution was politically successfulRead MoreIranian Revolution1648 Words   |  7 Pagesbreeding ground for some kind of political upheaval or another. In recent times, back in 1979, there was a major revolution which was, in some ways, similar to the revolution we are seeing today. The people were angry and they were tired of being controlled by the government that was in power . They had concrete ideals and were incredibly passionate about their revolution. The revolution Iran is experiencing today does not appear to be quite as passionate and does not appear to maintain a belief inRead MoreThe Iranian Revolution3901 Words   |  16 PagesThe Iranian Revolution Iran is a country located in the Middle East. The main source of income for the country is oil, the one object that had greatly influenced its history. Iran s present government is run as an Islamic Republic. A president, cabinet, judicial branch, and Majilesor or legislative branch, makes up the governmental positions. A revolution that overthrew the monarch, which was set in 1930, lasted over 15 years. Crane Brinton s book, An Anatomy of a RevolutionRead MoreThe Revolution And The Iranian Revolution2172 Words   |  9 Pages The 1979 Iranian Revolution was a major landmark in Iranian history. â€Å"Iran s revolution began with a popular democracy movement and ended with the establishment of the world s first Islamic state.† (In pictures: The Iranian Revolution) There are various parties that have different viewpoints and opinions of the revolution. Those who were pro-Islam during the revolution believe that the revolution was an event that brought structure and order to Iran. However, those who were against the countryRead MoreIslamic Revolution And The Iranian Revolution1433 Words   |  6 PagesIslamic Revolution Islamic Revolution, better known as the Iranian Revolution of 1979 holds immense importance in the history of Iran. It was a revolution that shook the world and lead to rearrangements of the global alliances. 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The Iranian/Islamic Revolution refers to the events involving the deposing of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi and pro-American government, and the replacement with an anti-Western authoritarian theocracy under the leader of the revolution, the GrandRead MoreThe Islamic Revolution And The Iranian Revolution Essay1379 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the Islamic Revolution in the Iranian country, education was essential to the people. Shah wanted the Western education because he believed that it was best for the Iranian people. Most of the women’s were involved in the demonstration of wearing the veil has some western education. The Islamic revolution wanted things to go back to the original Islamic culture. Based on the Complete Persepolis, in 1979, a revolution took place and later called â€Å"The Islamic Revolution†. This is the periodRead MoreThe Iranian Revolution And The Islamic Revolution Essay1330 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the Islamic Revolution in the Iran, education was essential to the people. Sha wanted the Western education because he believed that it was best for Iranian people. Most of the women were involved in the demonstration o f wearing the veil has some western education. The Islamic revolution wanted things to go back on the Islamic culture. Based on the complete Persepolis, in 1979, a revolution took place, and later called â€Å"The Islamic Revolution†. This is the period they were forcing people toRead MoreThe Iranian Revolution Of 1979 Essay1812 Words   |  8 PagesThe Iranian Revolution, also known as the Islamic Revolution of 1979 took place in Iran. It is when Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi the emperor of Iran during that time, was overthrown by the revolutionary forces led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and thereafter established the Islamic National Republic of Iran. The Iranian Revolution brought a big change into the international community and how it viewed revolutions. As Iran’s revolution lacked many of the fundamental causes that were though to giveRead MoreThe Iranian Revolution And The Revolutionary Revolution1313 Words   |  6 PagesThe Iranian Revolution was its climax i n 1979 with the Revolutionary goal being met by its supports. Supporters of the revolution stood mixed in their goals for a new Iran. The Islamic Extremist lead by Ayatollah Khomeini wanted to install an Islamic regime inside of Iran that would follow Islamic law. Religious clerics viewed the Shah as not being a positive leader of Iran and wanted him overthrown and the country left as is. Iranians such as the middle class and students wanted to install an Islamic

Its Time for Voluntary Euthanasia and Assisted Su Essay Example For Students

Its Time for Voluntary Euthanasia and Assisted Su Essay icide euthanasia argumentative persuasive essaysAmerica Needs Voluntary Euthanasia There are at least two forms of suicide. One is emotional suicide, or irrational self-murder in all of it complexities and sadness. Let me emphasis at once that my view of this tragic form of self-destruction is the same as that of the suicide intervention movement and the rest of society, which is to prevent it wherever possible. I do not support any form of suicide for mental health or emotional reasons. But I do say that there is a second form of suicide justifiable suicide, that is, rational and planned self-deliverance from a painful and hopeless disease which will shortly end in death. I dont think the word suicide sits well in this context but we are stuck with it. Many have tried to popularize the term self-deliverance but it is an uphill battle because the news media is in love with the words assisted suicide. Also, we have to face the fact that the law calls all forms of self-destruction suicide. Let me point out here for those who might not know it that suicide is no longer a crime anywhere in the English-speaking world. (It used to be, and was punishable by giving all the dead persons money and goods to the government.) Attempted suicide is no longer a crime, although under health laws a person can in most states be forcibly placed in a psychiatric hospital for three days for evaluation. But giving assistance in suicide remains a crime, except in the Netherlands in recent times under certain conditions, and it has never been a crime in Switzerland, Germany, Norway and Uruguay. The rest of the world punishes assistance in suicide for both the mentally ill and the terminally ill, although the state of Oregon recently (Nov. l994) passed by ballot Measure 16 a limited physician-assisted suicide law. At present (Feb. l995) this is held up in the law courts. Even if a hopelessly ill person is requesting assistance in dying for the most compassionate reasons, and the helper is acting from the most noble of motives, it remains a crime in the Anglo-American world. Punishments range from fines to fourteen years in prison. It is this catch- all prohibition which I and others wish to change. In a caring society, under the rule of law, we claim that there must be exceptions. ORIGIN OF THE WORD The word euthanasia comes from the Greek eu, good, and thanatos, death. Literally, good death. But the word euthanasia has acquired a more complex meaning in modern times. It is generally taken nowadays to mean doing something about achieving a good death. Suicide, self-deliverance, auto-euthanasia, aid-in-dying, assisted suicide call it what you like can be justified by the average supporter of the so-called right to die movement for the following reasons: Advanced terminal illness that is causing unbearable suffering to the individual. This is the most common reason to seek an early end. Grave physical handicap which is so restricting that the individual cannot, even after due consideration, counseling and re-training, tolerate such a limited existence. This is a fairly rare reason for suicide most impaired people cope remarkably well with their affliction but there are some who would, at a certain point, rather die. What are the ethical parameters for euthanasia? The person is a mature adult. This is essential. The exact age will depend on the individual but the person should not be a minor who come under quite different laws. The person has clearly made a considered decision. An individual has the ability nowadays to indicate this with a Living Will (which applies only to disconnection of life supports) and can also, in todays more open and tolerant climate about such actions, freely discuss the option of euthanasia with health professionals, family, lawyers, etc. The euthanasia has not been carried out at the first knowledge of a life-threatening illness, and reasonable medical help has been sought to cure or at least slow down the terminal disease. I do not believe in giving up life the minute a person is informed that he or she has a terminal illness. (This is a common misconception spread by our critics.) Life is precious, you only pass this way once, and is worth a fight. It is when the fight is clearly hopeless and the agony, physical and mental, is unbearable that a final exit is an option. DOCTOR AS FRIEND The treating physician has been informed, asked to be involved, and his or her response been taken into account. What the physicians response will be depends on the circumstances, of course, but we advise people that as rational suicide is not a crime, there is nothing a doctor can do about it. But it is best to inform the doctor and hear his or her response. For example, the patient might be mistaken perhaps the diagnosis has been misheard or misunderstood. It used to be that patients raising this subject were met with a discreet silence, or meaningless remarks, but in toda ys more accepting climate most physicians will discuss potential end of life actions. The person has made a Will disposing of his or her worldly effects and money. This shows evidence of a tidy mind, an orderly life, and forethought all something which is paramount to an acceptance of rational suicide. The person has made plans to exit that do not involve others in criminal liability or leave them with guilt feelings. As I have mentioned earlier, assistance in suicide is a crime in most places, although the laws are gradually changing, and very few cases ever came before the courts. But care must still be taken and discretion is the watchword. The person leaves a note saying exactly why he or she is taking their life. This statement in writing obviates the chance of subsequent misunderstandings or blame. It also demonstrates that the departing person is taking full responsibility for the action. NOT ALWAYS NOTICED A great many cases of self-deliverance or assisted suicide, using drugs and/or a plastic bag, go undetected by doctors, especially now that autopsies are the exception rather than the rule (only 10 percent, and only when there is a mystery about the cause of death). Also, if a doctor asked for a death certificate knows that the patient was in advanced terminal illness then he is not going to be too concerned about the precise cause of death. It hardly matters. I find that police, paramedics and coroners put a very low priority of investigation of suicide when evidence comes before them that the person was dying anyway, and there is a note from the deceased. Detectives and coroners officers will walk away from the scene once they are satisfied that the person who committed suicide was terminally ill. But, having considered the logic in favor of auto-euthanasia, the person should also contemplate the arguments against it. First, should the person go instead into a hospice program and receive not only first-class pain management but comf ort care and personal attention? Put bluntly, hospices make the best of a bad job, and they do so with great skill and love. The right-to-die movement supports their work. But not everyone wants a lingering death, not everyone wants that form of care. Today many terminally ill people take the marvellous benefits of home hospice programs and still accelerate the end when suffering becomes too much. A few hospice leaders claim that their care is so perfect that there is absolutely no need for anyone to consider euthanasia. While I have no wish to criticize them, they are wrong to claim perfection. Most, but not all, terminal pain can today be controlled with the sophisticated use of drugs, but the point these leaders miss is that personal quality of life is vital to some people. If ones body has been so destroyed by disease that it is not worth living, that is an intensely individual decision which should not be thwarted. In some cases of the final days in hospice care, when the pai n is very serious, the patient is drugged into unconsciousness. If that way is acceptable to the patient, fine. But some people do not wish their final hours to be in that fashion. There should be no conflict between hospice and euthanasia both are valid options in a caring society. Both are appropriate to different people with differing values. RELIGION The other consideration is theological: does suffering ennoble? Is suffering, and relating to Jesus Christs suffering on the cross, a part of preparation for meeting God? Are you merely a steward of your life, which is a gift from God, which only He may take away. My response is this: if your answers to these questions is yes, then you should not be involved in any form of euthanasia. But remember that there are millions of atheists and agnostics, as well as people of varieties of religions, degrees of spiritual beliefs, and they all have rights, too. Many Christians who believe in euthanasia justify it by reasoning that the God whom they worship is loving and tolerant, and would not wish to see them in agony. They do not see their God as being so vengeful as refusing them the Kingdom of Heaven if they accelerated the end of their life to avoid prolonged, unbearable suffering. Another consideration must be that, by checking out before the Grim Reaper calls, is one is depriving oneself of a valuable period of good life? Is that last period of love and companionship with family and friends worth hanging on for? The argument that this is so is heavily used by our critics. But after my in depth research, and being aware of many hundreds of self-deliverances, I can attest that even the most determined supporters of euthanasia hang on until the last minute sometimes too long, and lose control. They, too, gather with their families and friends to say goodbyes. There are important reunions and often farewell parties. Euthanasia supporters enjoy life and love living, and their respect for the sanctity of life is as strong as anybodys. Yet they are willing, if their dying is distressing to them, to forego a few weeks or a few days at the very end and leave under their own control. KNOWLEDGE IS COMFORT What many people do not realize is that, for many people, just knowing how to kill themselves is in itself of great comfort. It gives them the assurance to fight harder and therefore often extends lives just a bit longer. Many people belive that the book, Final Exit, is the best insurance policy theyve ever taken out. Once such people know how to make a certain and dignified self-deliverance, they will often renegotiate the timing of their death. Now that we have the knowledge and the drugs, with control and choice in grasp, we can negotiate new terms with life concerning our fate. Surely, for those who want it this way, this is commendable and is in fact an extension rather than a curtailment of life. What is needed now are careful laws permitting physician-assisted suicide volu ntary on everybodys part. The new Oregon Death With Dignity Act is a beginning. .ue5ba5442081af71bc8a5b610675e5c99 , .ue5ba5442081af71bc8a5b610675e5c99 .postImageUrl , .ue5ba5442081af71bc8a5b610675e5c99 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue5ba5442081af71bc8a5b610675e5c99 , .ue5ba5442081af71bc8a5b610675e5c99:hover , .ue5ba5442081af71bc8a5b610675e5c99:visited , .ue5ba5442081af71bc8a5b610675e5c99:active { border:0!important; } .ue5ba5442081af71bc8a5b610675e5c99 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue5ba5442081af71bc8a5b610675e5c99 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue5ba5442081af71bc8a5b610675e5c99:active , .ue5ba5442081af71bc8a5b610675e5c99:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue5ba5442081af71bc8a5b610675e5c99 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue5ba5442081af71bc8a5b610675e5c99 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue5ba5442081af71bc8a5b610675e5c99 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue5ba5442081af71bc8a5b610675e5c99 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue5ba5442081af71bc8a5b610675e5c99:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue5ba5442081af71bc8a5b610675e5c99 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue5ba5442081af71bc8a5b610675e5c99 .ue5ba5442081af71bc8a5b610675e5c99-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue5ba5442081af71bc8a5b610675e5c99:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Oregon Fur Trade Essay

Russia Influence on CIS countries

Introduction This chapter will introduce the research study. In other words, it will shortly discuss about the topic from different perspectives. For example, a thorough background to the study will be dealt with in the introductory part.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Russia Influence on CIS countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, this chapter will investigate why Russia has had the desire to spread its influence to CIS countries. Besides, there will also be importance to talk about political issues that have been surrounding control of wealth among the CIS countries (Tochitskaya Lucio 18). One of the reasons why it will be important to consider the aspect of wealth control in these regions is because there are few studies that have successfully explored this area as far as politics of Russian investments on CIS regions is concerned. Therefore, this study will investigate the same by pro viding examples from several industrial sectors. It will also discuss some of the motivating factors for business investments in some of the selected countries that will be put under study. Literature review Chapter two of this research study will discuss expansion of Russia into nations of Commonwealth of Independent States and how these nations have been affected politically. This chapter will also consider how Russian trade relations have affected political relations of CIS countries with Russia. Some of the sources that will be used to support this chapter will be chosen based how Russia and CIS countries have been relating with each other (Tochitskaya Lucio 22).The chapter will further look into other pieces of literature that have talked about studies on how expansion of Russia into commonwealth independent states has contributed to its infrastructure, population, energy, governance and economy. In line with this, the chapter will consider how the border region has continued to be an issue between Russia and CIS countries. As a matter of fact, international relations still remain as center of focus among the regions that will be addressed in the study.Advertising Looking for dissertation on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Even as Russia expands to commonwealth nations, there seems to be no agreement at all. Even though such expansions have been witnessed in the past, the emerging challenges of 21st century especially those touching on regional or global security are yet to be debated openly. This is because the same issues have continued to raise questions on security and international relations in the region. However, some studies have argued that in spite of prevailing concerns on global security, political and economic fairness of the CIS regions has continued for long. This chapter will also investigate past agreements between Russia and other CIS countries. It will fu rther analyze how recent agreements on international region between various states have impacted Russia politically (Appadurai 67). It will look at earlier studies on recent agreements between CIS and Russia have contributed to putting to an end minor border disputes in the region and how the agreement contributes to future well being of the region. Border disputes may be to some extent, perceived as both politically and economically driven. The case study of Russia and CIS nations shows that while both nations are scoring relatively high in terms of economic performance, the desire to be superior politically is also a growing issue of concern among the states that are not at peace with other (Tochitskaya 9). Moreover, every single challenge faced by Russia and made worse by CIS countries are dealt with to put a check on population drop in these regions and how the same contributes to political conflicts. Statistical analyses that have been supported by studies and official figures will have to be employed in determining the rate of decline at workplace. Furthermore, developments in politics in Russia and CIS regions will be highlighted in this chapter (Baraboshkin 351). The same chapter will also discuss economic power in the region and its impact on politics in Russia (Izyumov JVahaly 88).The same section will further discuss debts run by Russian government and its agencies in their desire to set up infrastructures such those catering for energy provision (Amurskiy 123). Finally, discussion on the extent or level at which the local population in RFE feel that they have been disconnected from both leadership and effectiveness of the same will be examined in details. The same literature will be used to identify whether the Russia has great impact and credibility of Moscow in the region (Kappeler 123).Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Russia Influence on CIS countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The last section on the chapter entitled â€Å"changing nation and society† will present impacts on the trends and changes on existing border populations. Hence to approach this exhaustively, the chapter will begin by addressing border conflicts that has existed in these regions (Shevtsova 122). Collected data and statistics from the region will then be compared before being contrasted to determine the scope and the impact of integration in the region. In order to achieve detailed results that can be easily and thoroughly compared. Some of the subjects that will be contrasted and compared will include public opinion, living standards, governance in addition to analysis of various economic sectors that CIS nations and Russian nationals are involved in along the borders. The later will also be discussed alongside minor and major impacts of political developments not only Russia but among other CIS countries. A summary of the relevant debate in the literature R ussia has emerged as one of the major countries that export capital to CIS countries. The outward foreign direct investments (OFDI) of Russia have grown drastically since the end of Cold War. Although Russian OFDI to CIS pales in comparison to that of United States or European Union countries such as Germany, UK and France, in 2004, Russia exported over $ 99 billion in OFDI stock. The CIS countries have been used as launching pads for majority of Russian firms to gain entrance to the international markets (Baraboshkin 351). In many instances, the infrastructure and energy assets held by Russian firms in the CIS region tend to be contentious in nature. Moreover, Russian firms tend to be central players in a number of CIS markets while in high income economies, they frequently hold lesser market shares and control in respective sectors. However, attention should be given to the fact that there has been significant rise in investments by Russian Firms in the CIS region (Krug 632). Cons equently, the Russian Federal State Service, the OFDI investment to CIS countries in 2004 was over $ 710 million. On the other hand, the recent years the Russian telecommunications and energy companies have invested in CIS countries with the value of individual transactions surpassing the aggregate investment from Russia.Advertising Looking for dissertation on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This inconsistency is attributed to the fact that key Russian firms invest overseas via offshore investment units which are omitted from the balance of payment records of the Russian Federation. Belarus and Ukraine, some of the CIS countries, have received the largest capital investment from Russia in the past years. Russia was the seventh biggest investor in Belarus with aggregate FDI stock of over $540 million (Amurskiy 123). The motivations behind Russian Investments in the CIS The decision by Russia to expand its Capital investments in CIS will depend on the influence in these countries. For instance, during the 2008 economic crisis, Moscow offered a number of CIS countries loans and grants to stabilize their fragile economies in return for economic and political rewards. For instance, Russia granted Belarus $ 2 billion as loan to make it stable. In return, Belarus agreed to form a military air defense system agreement with Russia (Kappeler 123). The motivations behind Russian f irm’s foreign investments in CIS are therefore different. Russian energy resources are greatly used by Moscow as a foreign policy tool to control her political and economical wellbeing in the CIS region. For example, Gazprom and UES have attained major grip in the CIS countries as a result of intergovernmental accords. However, it is worth to note that Russian OFDI investment to CIS is also driven by the lucrative market in these countries that have notably lower entry obstacles than the Western and US market (Amurski y 123). In addition, it will also be necessary to mention and perhaps emphasize the state of international relations that has hitherto existed among various states in CIS regions. If this case will be important to mention or discuss, then the history Russia will have to be analyzed. At this point, it is important to note that the two aforementioned countries have for a long time dominated world history with their empire building and conquest characteristic. For example, since 1950s, tsarist Russia has been eager to distract the new developments and global attention away from conquests that they were defeated in Crimea which afterwards turned eastwards. Furthermore, this was not the first time for Russia to direct its tactics on the orient traders in Europe. Therefore, the present study is further justified on the basis that Russia has seen itself as part of an empire and nation put together and driven by aspiration and desire to spread civilization not only to CIS countries but also to other parts in Pacific regions. Methodology Due to the fact that the study is most importantly based on the issue of political and international relations, methodology that will be applied will be grounded on the on the decisions made by various Russian leaders in regard to eastward expansion (Seltser 19). Hence, international relations especially touching on politics will be of importance. As a result, due consideration will be made on the basis of existing bilateral relations between china and Russia (Anon 25). Additionally, this is due to the fact that the future of the region may not be secured by bilateral integrations and agreements, but rather impacted as a result of internal developments. Therefore, based on this fact, the study will further focus on statistics and data via demographically available sources in addition to political and economic analysis of the existing structures, resources and abilities of identified regions. Moreover, in giving analysis of the Trans border regions, In terms of economic and demographic aspects, the study will further make use of existing trends and population figures (Izyumov JVahaly 85). This will be sourced from western and Russian sources in line with scientifically modified studies on how to handle demography as an entity in international relations studies. Furthermore, secondary sources will be identified from majority of available journals in addition to analytical journalism obtained f rom mainstream media covering international and political relations in the region (Mishina 518). The study will further outline pictures of the region using myriad and variety of sources derived from Russian media. Both state and private owned media sources will be used as potential part of methodology in gathering necessary data (Keylor 133). Some of the source materials will also be drawn from contemporary and credible Russian scholars based in the region. Findings Chapter four of the study will comprise of findings and data drawn from the methodology used. The same will be presented using diagrams, charts and figures. Discussions and conclusions Chapter five will give a critical analysis of the findings in line with available literature on how Russian ventures have contributed to internationalization of ventures. Investment trends will be further compared with the findings of the study. The findings will be used to discuss how Russian investments opportunities in CIS countries ha ve impacted on international and political relations (Baraboshkin 351). Recommendations This chapter will deal with recommendations which will have been obtained from the whole study. For example, some of the recommendations will include how political and international relations in Russia and other CIS regions can be improved (Bassin 112). Works Cited Amurskiy, Statisticheskiy. Statistical Yearbook of Amur Oblast  Amurstat, 2008. 22nd Aug. 2011. Web. Anon. Russia’s oil exports to non-CIS countries up 4.2% in 11 months. Russian Financial Control Monitor 2010. 14 Sep. 2011. Web. Appadurai Yezhegodnik. The Production of Locality’, in Counterworks:  Managing theDiversity of Knowledge. London: Routledge, 1995. Baraboshkin, Yu et al. The Fourth All-Russia Conference â€Å"Cretaceous System of Russia and CIS Countries: Problems of Stratigraphy and Paleogeography†. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 17.3 (2009): 351. Bassin, Mark. Imperial Visions: Nationalist Imagination and Geographical  Expansion in the Russian Far East, 1840-1865, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Izyumov, Alexi JVahaly, John. Old Capital vs. New Investment in Post-Soviet Economies: Conceptual Issues and Estimates. Comparative Economic Studies 50.1 (2008): 79-110. Kappeler, Andreas, The Russian Empire: A Multiethnic History, Essex: Pearson Education Ltd., 2001. Keylor, William R.,The Twentieth Century World: An International History (4th  ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. Krug, Peter. The Law of Treaties in Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States: Text and Commentary. The American Journal of International Law , 98.3 (2004): 631-633. Mishina, Yu. Prospects for integration of financial markets in CIS countries. Studies on Russian Economic Development 21.5 (2010): 518. Seltser, Don. Who governs? The Transformation of Sub-Regional Political in Russia (1991-2009), in Russian analytical Digest, 67(2009): 12-28. Shevtsova, Lilia. Russia: Lost in Translation – The Yeltsin and Putin Legacies, Carnegie, 2007. Tochitskaya, Irina Lucio, Vinhas De Souza. Trade relations between an enlarged EU and the Russian Federation, and its effects in Belarus. Economic Change and Restructuring 42.1-2 (2009): 1-24. Tochitskaya, Irina. The Customs Union between Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia: an Overview of Economic Implications for Belarus. 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